Msg And Its Neurological Effects Biology Essay

Msg And Its Neurological Effects Biology Essay Due to evolving since in fields such as food science pharmacology, pediatrics, medical psychology, and toxicology, various food additives have come under a sharp review. In the medical field, a controversy has been ranging as to whether MSG should be used at all since diverse research case studies have not only shown its negative effects on health in general but also its neurological effects. Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) has been used as a flavorant in the food industry for close to one hundred years in foods consumed by the masses daily. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies MSG as a food ingredient that is considered generally safe for use by the public, a number of researches such as by Schwartz have shown that it is harmful to the users health and should therefore be banned. Glutamate is naturally found in foods such as milk, poultry, meat and vegetables. Further, the body naturally produces glutamate which is essential for the nervous system. However, syntheti c manufacture has been proven to be harmful. This study purposefully outlines such effects on the nervous sytem and serves to support other recent findings against the use of MSG. Introduction MSG is a food additive that is found in most of the commercial foods. It improves the flavor of the food hence attracting customers. In itself, there is no value addition in terms of nutrition. It actually does nothing to food, but to the eater it is detrimental to their health. MSG is referred to as an excitotoxin or neurotoxin. This is the case since it widely involves the neuroscientists field in that it has degenerative and deadly effects on the brain and the nervous system. MSG actually over stimulates the brain neurons to exhaustion leading to their death. MSG goes to the brain through the membranes in the mouth and the throat. It also enters the blood stream through the digestion of food in the digestive system. MSG will trick the brain to thinking that it is getting value from the foods that are being taken in. MSG is not natural in nature. It is manmade from glutamic acid which is an amino acid which is found in complete proteins. Amino acids do occur naturally from many pla nts and animal tissues. The artificially created types of Amino acids are processed through the breakdown and the change of the natural form of glutamate. Some of the natural substances used for this purpose are molasses, grain starches and corn. The manipulation process produces various form of glumate. The d-glumate is never found naturally. The free glumates could enter the body 8 to 10 times faster than the bound or the natural glumates. Natural glumate is found in foods like tomatoes, milk and the mushrooms. The commercial methods or techniques used to manufacture glumate were not in use until the 1960s. The MSG in use today is not at all natural Literature review The current research shows that MSG is the cause of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers Huntingtons, Parkinsons and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscientists, such as Adriene, have explained that MSG attacks the blood-brain barrier of the brain cells which is responsible for protection and regulation of the delicate chemical exchange within the brain cells. The chemical exchange process is normally well balanced and its functionality is unquestionable. Under normal conditions also the brain and the body immune system handles all kinds of pollutants, diseases and stress. A very small amount of toxic substance can actually cause the brain call to over react leading to excessive exhaustion and death (Samuels). MSG is one of the major excitotoxins and is widely known to cause damage to the brain part that governs or controls other systems in the human body. The damage will probably appear as a disorder in the nervous system and the endocrine system. This can be manifested in the cases of unusual sleeping patterns, persistent hunger and food cravings. This usually leads to obesity. MSG is also known to cause migraine headaches, behavioral disorders, asthma attacks, depression, heart irregularities, arthritis, sinus problems and digestive problems (Anglesey). MSG is a neurotoxin that takes a very short time to create a widely diverse and dramatic effect on the human body. An individual may take a mild dosage of a prescription drug and have mild effects which may even be favorable. However, another person may take the same prescription drug and instead, get depressed, have stomach disorders, a swollen tongue and aching joints. The different parts of the brain do govern various body functions. The part which is attacked will directly depend on the brain part that has been attacked by the excitotoxin. If for example a person has had a head injury, a genetic pinch in a given part of the brain, has had a fever that is attacking parts of the brain, or even has had a stroke, then it is certain that the part of the brain that has been affected will be due to the toxins. Some of the foods that are sold are sold as weight loss promotions to the people. When food substances such as fat and sugar are removed from the foods, MSG together with aspartame is usually added. These excitotoxins are known to cause obesity and irregular heartbeats in many people. FDA usually allows the labeling of MSGS as natural flavors, hydrolyzed proteins and autolyzed yeast when used as just a component ingredient in an additive and not purely MSG. Americans today are consuming 160 million pounds of MSG per annum. A toxicologist and an author by the name Dr, George Schwartz claims that two table spoons of MSG on a piece of bread could kill a medium sized dog within a minute. The FDA in the year 1995 claimed that no one can react to less than 3 grams of MSG per meal. However, despite their confirmation, they have warned that MSG should be avoided by children, pregnant or lactating women, the elderly and those who suffer Asthma. A highly sensitive individual can react even to less than a gram of MSG (Blaylock). Effects and Related disorders Research has shown that in the late 1950s, an estimated amount of 12 grams per person per year of MSG was used by the Americans. Looking at the same issue today, the estimate has shot to between 400 and 500 grams per person per year. This is an amount that needs evaluation by FDA. (Anglesey) The wide usage of MSG came in the mid 1970s. It gained much popularity with producers of food through the 1980s. Two powerful excitotoxic food additives that took the food industry by storm were the MSG and aspartame. MSG has been widely associated with a wide range of diseases, symptoms and complaints. As earlier stated, it affects the neurological system of the body. The same ailments are today being reported to be on their rise. Often the ailments are quite unexpected and hard to explain either. Neorological effects of MSG and statistics of interest published by national organizations have been listed here-in. Fibromyalgia: this is a growing epidemic. Its patients eliminated MSG and aspartame during the study conducted by Florida University which reported complete relief of symptoms in 2001. However, the most cognitive study was carried by Smith, Shmidt and Guns who sought to prove the link between Fibromyalgia and MSG with several other additives as a common rheumatologic disorder. In this case, 4 patients were diagnosed for 2-17 years with fibromyalgia syndrome. However, they had undergone various modalities of treatment while failing to consider MSG as the causative agent. After eliminating aspartame and MSG from their diets, complete or near complete resolution of symptoms diagnosed were recorded within months. In this case analysis, the subjects were women who had multiple comorbidities and recurring symptoms after the ingestion of MSG. It is therefore indicative that t he excitotoxins, present in substances such as Aspartate and MSG, become excitatory neurotransmitters once ingested, and if consumed in excess can lead to neurotoxicity. These 4 patients may therefore represent this fibromyalgia syndrome and act as a link to conclusively establish a link to MSG. Therefore, persistent studies, if carried out on a larger sample, might serve to link the fibromyalgia syndrome to MSG and aspartame more concretely (Murray). Further, a study posted in MSGTruth.org is instrumental in linking MSG to pituitary adenomas. MSG overstimulates the hypothalamus which consequently leads damage on the neurons. The hypothalamus is responsible for directing the pituitary glands actions, which is also referred to as the master gland since it in turn directs all other glands in the body and their actions such as metabolism, development of sex and reproductive organs and other key development functions. Statistics have shown that 25% of Kenyans develop a pituitary adenoma in the course of their lives. However, studies linking pituitary adenomas to MSG are inconclusive. Some studies had previously depicted this as a genetic disorder but have however been proven wrong. About half of the pituitary adenomas secrete prolactin. Prolactinomas vcan become extremely large over time to crowd the optic nerve thereby affecting vision. It is however detected early in women since it interferes with menses and stops ovulation. This prevents conception or pregnancy in general. Further, since prolactin is responsible for lactation, secretion can cause lactation in the victim even if they were never pregnant or even if they are male. Hence, men with these adenomas develop breasts which have the capacity to secrete milk. Unlike in women who are forewarned by the effects on vision or associated headaches, this condition is deadly in men since the tumor can only be detected when it is large and dangerous. Further, research records by most governments are only kept for cancerous tumors while benign tumor, such as in this case, are neglected hence making it the more difficult not only to research on especially as to its link to aspartine and MSG but also to treat. Trea tment is very expensive. There are only two treatments with Dostinex, a carbegoline, is normally preferred which costs approximately $ 30 a tablet. Therefore, there is a need to sponsor more research as to the link to MSG and brain tumors (Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) and Aspartame). Other effects that have been attributed to MSG and its neurological disorders are headaches and migraines, asthma, obesity among others. In headaches and migraines: an approximate amount of $ 2.2 billion per year are being spent on drugs which treat headaches. This chronic condition has received a 74% increase from the years 1980 to 1990. Secondly, Asthma has been linked to MSG and related to the brain effects. According to statistics there was a decline of asthma until the mid-eighties. Since then however, there has been a recorded 100% increase in the rate of death among the children and the seniors. This incidence has increased 600% in the last 10 years. FDA has identified that the uncontrollable asthma can be caused by MSG, unfortunately no further measures are taken to deal with the situation. Defects of birth and disorders of production: MSG has been identified as a mutagen i.e. mutates fetuses. It is said to cause damage to the intellectual development, reproduction, growth pa tterns and the gonadal functions. However, such research has not been concrete. Other effects are neurological or emotional disorders. Laboratory studies have shown devastating effects on brain development. This includes autism, attention deficit, dyslexia, hyperactivity, violent episodes or rage, panic attacks, depression, paranoia, seizures and cerebral palsy. Rats were used for this study. However, human beings are 5 times more sensitive to MSG than rats. Obesity too has been linked to MSG and the nervous system. This is the most consistent effect of excitotoxins exposure and can be termed as a growing problem that does not respect age or sexual boundaries. In fact scientists uses glumate to feed animals used in the laboratories with an aim of inducing obesity. MSG will trigger insulin or adrenalin or fat storage or even a food craving response. This actually depletes the serotonin levels which in turn trigger headaches, depression and fatigue and also leads to food cravings. Finally, it is vital to note the following maladies and diseases are also attributed to MSG. Heart maladies: for the Americans, more than 70 million of them do suffer one or more forms of cardiovascular disease. 43% of all deaths in America are related to this same problem. Cardiovascular operations in the US went up with 287% from the year 1980 to 1990. Alzheimers disease: in the 1980s, this disease was nowhere among the highly identifiable health threats. It is however ranked third in todays statistics after cancer and heart disease. There are 4 million people afflicted by the disease at a cost of $47,000 per person per year in healthcare costs. Parkinsons, ALS, MS and the Huntingtons diseases like Alzheimers are all progressively growing neurogenic diseases that show brain and nerve cell damage. There are also other symptoms of MSG sensitivity that include swollen throat and tongue, joint pain, skin disorders, sleeping disorders, burning, tightness of the face or its redness, vert igo and gastrointestinal complaints. This subject of disorders in behavior for children is becoming a common discussion among professionals. The Studies that are already done have widely associated the violent behavior, attention deficits and emotional instability to chemical imbalances occurring in the brain. The reason that young brains are developing the blood-brain barrier, it is now becoming an extreme possibility that there will be early damage caused by excitotoxins. In April 1994, a time magazine article confirmed the rising problem of behavioral disorders. The magazine stated that the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was not in existence 15 years ago. It is however said that it is now affecting 3.3 million American children. This magazine article quotes a prominent research which 10 years ago stated that symptoms of ADHD and ADD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) vanished with maturity. Today however, ADD is now the fastest growing diagnostic category for the adults. The combination of excitotoxins i.e. MSG and aspartame came into wide usage in the 1980s. The drug sale rate for these disorders has shot up by almost 400% in a period of 4 years only. MSG is now a known mutagen. Its damage occurs in the womb as chemicals pass from the womb of the mother into the blood system of the fetus. The old people do show high vulnerability rates to the progressive neuro-generative diseases. An example of such diseases is Alzheimers.

The Age of Faith Dbq

The Age of Faith The Middle Ages are commonly remembered for King Arthur tales, violent crusades, widespread illiteracy and the bubonic plague. Yet so much more is worthy of remembrance. The philosophers of â€Å"The Age of Reason† called the Middle Ages the â€Å"Age of Faith†. The Middle Ages were steeped in reason, logic, and natural philosophy. The Middle Ages is usually defined as the period between the fall of the last Roman emperor in the West (476 A. D. ) and the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453) or the discovery of America (1492). During the Middle Ages, the Church was almost as powerful as the government itself. The Age of Faith is the time in which the Church called for the first Crusade, philosophy flourished in the midst of chaos, and the Church expanded and gained more power. In Pope Urban II’s Call for the First Crusade Pope Urban is calling for Christians to fight in the name of God. The reason being that in the Middle East the Turks and Arabs were persecuting the Christians. The invaders killed and captured the Christians, and destroyed the churches. The Call for the Crusade was a result of a request sent by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to Pope Urban in 1095. The Emperor asked of the Pope for aid against further invasions. In return for fighting in the Crusade, the Pope promised all who died, by land or by sea, or against the pagans, would have immediate remission of his sins. The remission of sin was a driving factor and provided any God-fearing man who had committed sins with an irresistible way out of eternal damnation in hell. Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe from about ad 400–1400, roughly the period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance. In Medieval Europe by H. C Davis, the accomplishments of the Middle Ages are called to mind. Its culture, specifically the philosophy, flourished even though there were a number of negative factors influencing them. Christianity was an important stimulus to philosophical activity. Its ideas and doctrines constituted a rich source of philosophical provocation. Medieval philosophy, therefore, took root in an intellectual world sustained by the Church and infused with Christianity’s texts and ideas. At the time, he Church was the most powerful influence, almost more so than the government. The government and the Church were almost as one in the same. And that was evident in the philosophies that stemmed from that perspective. The Church was at its peak of power in all of its history. It was that that inspired all the philosophers of that time to reflect and define the world with that mindset; the Church was center of everything in life. In Europe during the Middle Ages the only r ecognized religion was Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion. The lives of the Medieval people of the Middle Ages was dominated by the church. From birth to death, whether you were a peasant, a serf, a noble a lord or a King – life was dominated by the church. The lives of many Medieval people were dedicated to the Catholic church and religion. In The Monastic Vows of Brother Gerald, Gerald is promising when he becomes a monk to, in a sense give up his life. When you undertake the vow to become a monk, you give up your family and worldly possessions in return for a live of purity, chastity, and poverty. The Truce of God outlines the church’s attempt to decrease the amount of sins that are being committed and restore the peace slowly through a form of a peace decree. This is just one example of the church demonstrating its new power. With its own laws, lands and taxes the Catholic church was a very powerful institution which had its own laws and lands. The Catholic Church also imposed taxes. In addition to collecting taxes, the Church also accepted gifts of all kinds from individuals who wanted special favors or wanted to be certain of a place in heaven. The power of the Catholic Church grew with its wealth. The Catholic Church was then able to influence the kings and rulers of Europe. Opposition to the Catholic Church would result in excommunication. This meant that the person who was excommunicated could not attend any church services, or receives the sacraments and would go straight to hell when they died. The Church was at its height of secular power during the Middle Ages, or the Age of Faith. The church was integrated into every part of Medieval life. In every way that it could, the church would make sure to make its power and influence known of. The Medieval church was corrupt, we can conclude nowadays but it was unknown to its followers then. The church used its power to keep its believers in fear and easier to bend to the church’s will. They accepted bribes and favors to reserve and promise you your seat and place in heaven. But, overall the church in the Middle Ages helped protect its holy land, expanded philosophy and contributed new knowledge on a variety of subjects, all the while ensuring its power as a secular leader. This, the extent of the church’s power, is why the Middle Ages are the Age of Faith.

A Review of Essay Samples for Highschool Students

A Review of Essay Samples for Highschool Students Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. At times, they need incentives. In extreme cases, they may be so frustrated or disappointed in their results that they may consider ending their lives. High school students are needed to compose essays on a number of topics which at first may appear to have nothing in common. High school essay writing is a frequent classroom activity and is also part of several regular examinations. It is required and a free place of learning, while college is optional and expensive. A superb school needs a pleasure atmosphere! It includes many features you want. You might also want to take part in a couple of extracurricular activities, go ahead. The debut of rules in high school makes it possible for you to grow into responsible adults. Public high schools have their very own fair share of issues and in the event the student isn't careful, they could wind up in a huge mess. Even should a program is incorporate in the classroom, it may be out dated within a couple of years. Imagine that you're a high school student. Do you think elementary and higher school students ought to be permitted to use cell. A health care provider may conduct a health examination to gauge if it's the patient is healthy. For instance, if you desire to define a word, you should choose the definition essay and offer a dictionary meaning of the word, together with your own interpretation of it. You're free to request help in persuasive essay assignments besides speech. Each paragraph should explore an exceptional idea. First and foremost it's essential to ensure that you comprehend the essay question fully and your essay answers each part of the question adequately. Following that, give a review of the points you discussed. Furthermore, fantastic thesis statement samples demonstrate that the writer knows of disagreements and difficulties that surround the problem or topic. Some have no clue how they'd begin their book report writing. Therefore, developing a thesis statement is a recursive practice. Basically, evidence ought to be collected after a thesis statement was developed. You must find the most suitable resources for your essay together with patience when finding the proper inspiration to write. In the procedure analysis assignment, the author should develop a detailed, step-by-step how-to guide to be able to inform the reader about how some processes are complete. You should have encounter the challenges in which sometimes it gets quite difficult to even understand the subject of the assignment. Within the body section, you have to give supporting arguments for every single point that you earn. Along with having a proper educational environment, the school must get an amusement and entertaining atmosphere. In high school, you're supposed to select the sort of topic you're going to be in a position to dig into that is, it's necessary for you to make certain you can discover enough info on the matter. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. Asking for a distinctive and unique one on a topic of your choice may be all you desire. Before getting down to the true composing, it's crucial to choose a topic. You only have to earn an assortment of the proper topic you would desire. You could pick a topic that you're not interested in and wind up straining to compose the appropriate concept.

Performance management is a core concept in organizations human resources management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1913 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Introduction The concept of Performance management is a core concept in organizations human resources management in the sense that it centers every organization goal of performing. In this regard, performance management is defined by Murphy and Margulies (2004) as a systematic process that organization involves its workforce in scope of members of a group or/and as individuals to improve organizations effectiveness in order to accomplish organizations goal and mission. The range of activities that encompasses performance management include developing the capacity to perform, setting expectations and planning work, periodically rating employees performance, monitoring workforce performance, rewarding employees good performance and performance appraisal (Murphy and Margulies, 2004). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Performance management is a core concept in organizations human resources management" essay for you Create order However, this paper shall seek to review literature regarding performance appraisal with an aim of uncovering effectiveness to an organization and how to further improve its efficiency. In this regard, the paper shall examine the overall concept of performance appraisal and thereafter shall the significance it has to the overall organizational progress. Moreover, the paper deem fit to examine and explain the various methods of performance appraisal, and on how they are conducted with aim of enriching organizations human resources capacity to meet its objectives. LITERATURE REVIEW: PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL The concept of human resource management is that it touches everybody engaged in any form of employment. This means all employees pass through this process as it is through it that various responsibilities are assigned, and personnel acquired for the right tasks. This paper however looks at the human resource department and actually picks one area, Performance Appraisal, and then proceeds to expounding on the role played by performance appraisal. The importance of performance appraisal is without doubt enormous it is an integral part of performance management. Clearly, it is not the only tool to be used to manage performance but, nevertheless, it is one of the ranges of tools of Performance appraisal in the field of human resource management which is used as a tool for evaluating employees. It acts as an effective management and evaluation scheme of staff, aimed at developing, and improving organizational performance. In the corporate world there are the annual, or semi-annual performance appraisals, in which individual staff members are evaluated by their line managers, or Directors being appraised by the Chief Executive Officers, and the CEOs appraised by the company owners or rather the chairman. Therefore performance appraisal touches all the aspects of the organization since all members within a corporation undergo this appraisal at different stages. Performance appraisal according to Grote and Grote (2001) is a formal management system that provides for the evaluation of the quality of an individuals performance in an organization. The term performance appraisal is synonymous to employee appraisal, performance review, or career development discussion. A more encompassing definition is actually provided by Grote (2007) whereby performance appraisal is arguably considered to be a means through which the job performance of an individual is gauged both in terms of quality, quantity, cost, and time, and basically by the respective manager or superviso r (Grote D., 2007, April 29). Therefore performance appraisal falls under the process of career development. It involves the obtaining, analyzing, and recording facts about the corresponding value of an employee to the organization. It is as well an inquiry into the successes of an employer as well as his/her failures, his/her strengths and weaknesses, and finally his/her suitability for promotion and recommendation for further training(Grote D., 2007, April 29) Performance appraisal is therefore a way of assessing the conduct of individual employees at work, quantitative as well as qualitative features of the job. Performance appraisal possesses both systematic as well as objective ways of evaluating employee potential and getting to know how to promote and improve this employee (Grote D., 2007, April 29). Performance appraisal, according to CIPD research(2010, Feb), should however be distinguished from a top down process or rather a situation whereby one person asks question s while the other one answers. It is an opportunity for the parties concerned to engage themselves in a dialogue regarding individual performance, development, as well as to receive the required support from the manager concerned (CIPD, 2010 Feb). CIPD research emphasizes the significance of an affirmative relationship between the staff and the line managers as a result of performance appraisal, but goes ahead to distinguish between performance management with performance appraisal. Accordingly, performance management falls under the strategic level management, and is rather broader as it concerns long term goals; it joins various aspects of business, employee management, groups, and individuals. On the contrary, performance appraisal focuses heavily on the operational aspects which are either short term or medium term (CIPD, 2010 Feb). How to Conduct Performance Appraisal The CIPD research rightfully indicates that conducting performance appraisal is not a clear cut proces s and that there exists several ways to conduct this appraisal process. However it has been proven that a certain number of elements are essential as pertains this process of performance appraisal. These include; measurement, feedback, positive reinforcement, exchange views, and agreement (CIPD, 2010 Feb). Regarding measurement, the manager, assesses employee performance basing on the targets that have been set and agreed upon by both parties, as well as the objectives. For example, in a sales process, a sales executive will be given a target of $1,500,000 on a monthly basis. This implies that the employee attains a 100% mark upon achieving this goal. Failure to achieve it leads to some either further training as per the way forward or termination of the contract. Feedback on the same note is very essential, for it provides employees with in formation regarding their performance and progress. It is actually through feedback that an employee is able to correct areas that need a ttention. Positive reinforcement on the other hand, lays more emphasis on the individual achievements of a member of staff within an organization. It involves constructive criticism on the weaker areas of individual performance. Another key element is that of exchange of views which according to CIPD (2010) involves looking at what has happened, then going a step further to defining on how appraises can lead to improvement of performance on the part of the employees, the kind of boost that should be provided to them, and finally focusing on the aspirations of these employees. In this way the emphasis is shifted from a top down manner of leadership to a more dialogue-oriented style. The Significance of Performance Appraisal Researches conducted by various scholars rightfully indicate that performance appraisal is without doubt, of great importance. Performance appraisal analysts Grote and Grote (2002) in a very reasonable way assert that performance appraisal serves the foll owing functions. According to Grote and Grote, (2002) state that performance appraisal is essential provision of feedback to employees about their performance. The provision of feedback is a common explanation for a business to have a performance appraisal system. Through it the employee learns how well he/she has been doing and then uses that information to develop in the future. Hence, performance appraisal helps by ensuring that the managers prospects are communicated. Additionally Grote (2007), emphasize that performance appraisal assists in the determination of those who qualify for promotions. Almost everyone in an organization wants to get ahead. How should the company decide who gets the brass rings? Performance appraisal makes it easier for the organization to make good decisions about making sure that the most important positions are filled by the most capable individuals. Moreover, performance appraisal facilitates the layoff or downsizing decisions within the organ ization (Murphy and Margulies, 2004). Performance appraisal, promotions are unanimously needed; and people will always avoid dismissals. But forced by economic circumstances an organization has to downsize. Performance appraisal ensures that the most brilliant employees are retained and that only the organizations peripheral performers downsized (Murphy and Margulies, 2004). Performance appraisal encourages performance improvement and superior performance (Grote and Grote, 2002). Superior performance is another classic aim for having a performance appraisal system. Performance appraisal motivates people to perform superiorly in several ways; to begin with, it helps them learn superior standards of an organization. Then, it provides them with ways to show that they really are. Conclusively, performance appraisal inspires individuals to avoid being branded as poor performers (Grote and Grote, 2002, p.210). Furthermore, Grote and Grote, (2002) emphasize that performance appraisal facilitates the setting and measuring goals. The process of goal setting has constantly been revealed as a management process that leads to optimal performance. Therefore, performance appraisal in most cases is used to ensure that organizational members set and achieve operational targets (Grote and Grote, 2002, p.209). Murphy and Margulies (2004) state that performance appraisal help to counsel poor performers. Within an organization setting, some employees do not meet the expected targets. Their standard of performance is questionable and therefore it is the role of managers to use this as an effective tool for counseling these employees. Performance appraisal is a useful tool for the determination of compensation packages. Performance appraisal acts as an efficient method of determining those employees who deserve what pay. It is actually a way of facilitating improved performance so that as employees are executing their mandates, they ensure that they are as well motivate d with better pay. Therefore in the light of Grote, those who do better work receive more pay (Grote and Grote, 2002, p.231). Performance appraisal encourages coaching and mentoring. With regard to coaching and mentoring Grote affirms that managers are expected to play the role of good coaches to members of their team as well as mentors to their responsibilities. Performance appraisal recognizes the areas where coaching is essential and motivates managers to actively embrace the role of coaching (Grote, D. Grote, R., 2002). Performance appraisal promotes manpower planning or succession planning. Organizations that are well-managed from time to time assess their basic strength to ensure that they have the aptitude in their positions that they will need thereafter. Organizations should define who and where their most brilliant members are. They should identify the sections that are endowed with talent and those lacking talent. Performance appraisal therefore acts as a tool requ ired to ensure they have the intelligent individuals required in the long run. Reviews by Murphy and Margulies (2004) Performance appraisal is instrumental in determining individual training and development needs. If the performance appraisal procedure includes a requirement that individual development plans be determined and discussed, individuals can then make good decisions about the skills and competencies they need to acquire to make a greater contribution to the company. As a result, they increase their chances of promotion and lower their odd of layoff. This is another classic reason for having a performance appraisal system. Performance appraisal helps motivate people to deliver superior performance in several ways. First, the appraisal process helps them lean just what it is that the organization considers being superior. Second, since most people want to be seen as superior performers, a performance appraisal process provides them with a means to demonstrate that they a ctually are. Finally, performance appraisal encourages employees to avoid being stigmatized as inferior performers (p.215). In summary, performance appraisal serves a very significant role in the process of dealing with employees and assisting them to focus on the organizational main objective. It provides a firm basis for various issues either in terms of compensation, performance evaluation, or in looking for the way forward so that the organization maintains its stability amid the competitive environment. The various methods analyzed indicate that one tool cannot be used to evaluate employees but rather a collaborative method. The traditional method makes evaluations a one-point focus in the long run hence the modern methods.